17th+Century

__**17th Century**__ (1625-1660 in Great Britain)

~[|Charles I] -King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from March 1625 until his execution in 1649 -married to the Catholic sister of the King of France -had little love for the Puritans -supported Archbishop Laud (anti-Puritan who persecuted Puritans) -pulled the Anglican church back toward Catholicism -instigated wars against France and Spain -Parliament had to grant him money -Parliament did not support the wars -Charles I extorted money through threats -made the poor become soldiers and sailors -abuse of power angered subjects/Petition of Rights -dissolved Parliament and ruled for 11 years without Parliament -In 1637, Charles tried to impose a new prayer book on the Scots - he had been crowned King of Scotland in 1633. The Scots wanted simple and plain prayer services while the new prayer book required more ritual and grandeur. This clash lead to the Scots invading England and occupying Durham and Newcastle. -Constant arguments with Parliament over many issues lead Charles to lock out Members of Parliament for 11 years - from 1629 to 1640 (**Eleven Years Tyranny**). -On 20 January, Charles was charged with high treason 'against the realm of England'. -The King was sentenced to death on 27 January. Three days later, Charles was [|beheaded] ~[|Puritans] -against the king's "divine right" to rule -[|Puritans] were members of a religious and social movement of the 1500's and 1600's. The movement began in England and spread to America where it greatly influenced social, political, and religious institutions. -[|Puritans] believed that all Christian churches should be organized through councils called presbyteries or church courts rather than under bishops, as in the Church of England. -During the 1600's, the Puritans increasingly opposed the political and religious policies of the Stuart rulers, King James I and his son, King Charles I. -Middle class Puritan landowners who moved to America soon established their freedom of religious worship. They created trade relationships with established countries ~__Long Parliament__ -Charles fought to put down a rebellion of Scottish Calvinists -refused Charles funds -tried and executed Archbishop Laud and Thomas Wentworth (leader of the king's army) -limited power of the king -eleven years of civil war -The Long Parliament was first called by King Charles I on 3 November 1640, six months after the dissolution of the Short Parliament and within weeks of the defeat of the English in the Bishops' Wars against Scotland. -A series of reforms was carried out to abolish the courts other institutions that had allowed King Charles torule without calling a Parliament during his eleven-year Personal Rule ~[|Civil War] -Cavaliers (King's supporters) -Roundheads (Parliament's supporters) led by Oliver Cromwell/new Model Army -defeated Protestant factions struggling for power in Parliament--Puritans won -tried Charles for treason/beheaded 1649 -Few people could have predicted that the civil war, that started in 1642, would have ended with the public excecution of Charles. His most famous opponent in this war was Oliver Cromwell- one of the men who signed the death warrant of Charles. -From 1625 to 1629, Charles argued with parliament over most issues, but money and religion were the most common causes of arguments -In 1642, he went to Parliament with 300 soldiers to arrest his five biggest critics. Someone close to the king had already tipped off Parliament that these men were about to be arrested and they had already fled to the safety of the city of London where they could easily hide from the king ~[|Commonwealth] -English Commonwealth/led by Cromwell -discontent among the people in England -severe Puritan policies -Scottish rebels supported Charles II -Irish Catholics vs. Protestant landowners -England vs. Spain and Holland -Cromwell named himself Lord Protector in 1653 <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-He ruled as dictator until he died in 1658. <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-Parliament reconvened/restored monarchy--Charles II 1660 -the british commonwealth witnessed the trial and execution of a king -witnessed the formation of a republic in england -first attempt at uniting England, Scotland, and Ireland <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">~[|Protectorate] -Oliver Cromwell established the first protectorate in england -Protectorate is basically another word for Monarch -Parliament did not want a monarch ruler -[|Oliver Cromwell]was at the head of the first protectorate <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">~[|Oliver Cromwell] -Established the first protectorate with himself as the head -he divided the nation into 11 districts, each of which had a major general. Responsible for collecting their own taxes, and guarding public morality -had his own bodyguard consisting of 160 men -was considered to be the Lord protector <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">~[|Ben Jonson] <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-1572-1637 <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-brick layer,soldier, actor, playwriter, poet <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-strove for perfection <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-created his own voice -was the son of a clergyman, also he was school by the great classics scholar, William Camden -he was imprisoned in the fleet prison for his involvement in__The Isle of Dogs.__ -Once murdered a fellow actor in a duel, he was later put on trial for murder, but he pleaded benefit of the clergy <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">~[|John Donne] <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-poetry published posthumously <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-metaphysical poetry (intellectual playfulness, argument, paradox, irony, elaborate and unusual conceits, rhythms of ordinary speech) <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-metaphysical conceit:type of metaphor (comparison not using like or as) <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-Catholic, soldier, courtier, poet, Anglican minister <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-prose work--sermons <span class="yiv103395039Apple-style-span" style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-size: 13px;">-his poetry: gave advice and honored men and women -at age 11 Donne started studying at university of oxford then went to the university of Cambridge, but did not accept a degree from either of them, because he did not want to take the oath of supremacy -Donne's brother died in prison after being arrested for giving sanctuary to a proposed catholic priest -sat in Queen Elizabeth's last parliament -developed a way to swear an oath of allegiance to the king without letting go of their religious loyalty to the pope. ~[|Sons of Ben] -followers of Ben Jonson in English poetry and drama, followed Jonson's "Leges Conviviales" ("Rules of Conviviality") which were modeled on Horace and Martial -also called "Tribe of Ben" -employed as self-description by some of the Cavalier poets -congregated at London taverns ~[|Cavalier poets] -a group of English poets associated with Charles I and his exiled son <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">-poetry embodied the life and culture of upper-class, pre-Commonwealth England, mixing sophistication with naïveté, elegance with raciness <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;">-leading Cavalier poets: Robert Herrick, Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Thomas Carew ~[|School of Donne] -poets who followed Donne -also known as the metaphysical school of English verse -members of Donne's school were Andrew Marvell, Henry Vaughan, George Herbert, and Richard Crenshaw -the school of Donne poets often wrote about the complexities and hardships of eveyday life -tries to stay away from the Elizabethan love poetry ~[|John Milton] -born in London on December 9, 1608, into a middle-class family -educated at St. Paul's School, then at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he began to write poetry in Latin, Italian, and English--well educated -his extensive reading included both classical and modern works of religion, science, philosophy, history, politics, and literature -Puritan writer -political pamphleteer for the Puritans -profound Calvinist/deeply religious -blind/1652 -began his epic __Paradise Lost__ -justify the ways of God to men -heroic epic: recounts the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden and the vindication of God's wisdom

~[|John Bunyan] -born in 1628 near Bedford, in the agricultural midlands of England -son of a tinker (a maker and mender of metal pots) -he had little schooling -during the English Civil War, he served in the Parliamentary Army -became a lay Christian preacher, while earning his living as a tinker; wrote teaching poems and other writings -imprisoned for beliefs -wrote //The Pilgrim's Progress// -simple form and style -allegory about a man who flees sin to find a holy life